Thymus plant in animal nutrition: Review
Animal nutrition
Abstract
Aromatic plants such as thyme have been shown promising results as a natural feed additive in livestock feed due to the presence of bioactive compound in the herb. Carvacrol and thymol are among essential oil extracted from thyme with high phenolic contents used for commercial interest. Essential oil components extracted from thymus plants are used widely in pharmaceutical application and exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-carcinogenesis, anti-inflammatory and used as immunostimulants without residual effect like synthetic antibiotics. Thyme essential oil had also the ability to inhibit methanogenic microbes; addition of essential oil to the rumen can reduce methane emitted from ruminant animals. The aerial part of thyme contains a high amount of carbohydrates and a low concentration of tannin. Incorporation of thyme in animal nutrition as a powder or essential oil extract form can promote growth, productive and reproductive performance, increase feed intake, improve digestion and absorption of nutrients, increase carcass quality, reduce morbidity and mortality rate. This paper aims to review the beneficial application and recent finding of thyme in livestock feed
Downloads
References
Abdel-Fattah, S.M., Abosrea, Y.H., Shehata, F.E., Flourage, M.R. and Helal, A.D., 2010. The efficacy of thyme oil as antitoxicant of aflatoxin (s) toxicity in sheep. J Am Sci 6, 948–960.
Abdel-Latif and S.A., 2002. Effect of feeding dietary thyme, black cumin, dianthus and fennel on productive and some metabolic response of growing Japanese quail. Egypt. Poult. Sci. 22, 109–125.
Abeer, M., Ahlam, R., Marwa, H., 2019. Impact of Anise, Clove, and Thyme essential oils as feed supplements on the productive performance and digestion of Barki ewes. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 13, 1–13.
Aboelwafa, H.R., Yousef, H.N., 2015a. The ameliorative effect of thymol against hydrocortisone-induced hepatic oxidative stress injury in adult male rats. Biochem. Cell Biol. 93, 282–289.
Aboelwafa, H.R., Yousef, H.N., 2015b. The ameliorative effect of thymol against hydrocortisone-induced hepatic oxidative stress injury in adult male rats. Biochem. Cell Biol. 93, 282–289.
Acamovic, T., Brooker, J.D., 2005. Biochemistry of plant secondary metabolites and their effects in animals. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 64, 403–412.
Adaszyńska-Skwirzyńska, M., Szczerbińska, D., 2017. Use of essential oils in broiler chicken production–a review. Ann. Anim. Sci. 17, 317–335.
Aeschbach, R., Löliger, J., Scott, B.C., Murcia, A., Butler, J., Halliwell, B., Aruoma, O.I., 1994. Antioxidant actions of thymol, carvacrol, 6-gingerol, zingerone and hydroxytyrosol. Food Chem. Toxicol. 32, 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(84)90033-4
Ahari, K.M., Salamatdoustnobar, R., Maheri-sis, N., Gorbani, A., Shabestari, A.H., Noshadi, A., Samadi, H., Salimi, J., Nezhad, 2011. Effects of the Thyme Extract on the Ruminal Methane Production. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2011.1146.1148
Alagawany, M., El-Hack, M.A., 2015. The effect of rosemary herb as a dietary supplement on performance, egg quality, serum biochemical parameters, and oxidative status in laying hens. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 24, 341–347.
Alali, W.Q., Hofacre, C.L., Mathis, G.F., Faltys, G., 2013. Effect of essential oil compound on shedding and colonization of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg in broilers. Poult. Sci. 92, 836–841.
Alamgeer, null, Akhtar, M.S., Jabeen, Q., Khan, H.U., Maheen, S., Haroon-Ur-Rash, null, Karim, S., Rasool, S., Malik, M.N.H., Khan, K., Mushtaq, M.N., Latif, F., Tabassum, N., Khan, A.Q., Ahsan, H., Khan, W., 2014. Pharmacological evaluation of antihypertensive effect of aerial parts of Thymus linearis benth. Acta Pol. Pharm. 71, 677–682.
Al-Asmari, A.K., Athar, M.T., Al-Faraidy, A.A., Almuhaiza, M.S., 2017. Chemical composition of essential oil of Thymus vulgaris collected from Saudi Arabian market. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 7, 147–150.
Alavinezhad, A., Boskabady, M.H., 2014. Antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and immunological effects of Carum copticum L. and some of its constituents. Phytother. Res. 28, 1739–1748.
Alexa, E., Sumalan, R.M., Danciu, C., Obistioiu, D., Negrea, M., Poiana, M.-A., Rus, C., Radulov, I., Pop, G., Dehelean, C., 2018. Synergistic Antifungal, Allelopatic and Anti-Proliferative Potential of Salvia officinalis L., and Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oils. Mol. Basel Switz. 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23010185
Ali, M.N., Hassan, M.S., El-Ghany, F.A., 2007. Effect of strain, type of natural antioxidant and sulphate ion on productive, physiological and hatching performance of native laying hens. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 6, 539–554.
Aljaafari, M., Alhosani, M.S., Abushelaibi, A., Lai, K.-S., Lim, S.-H.E., 2019. Essential Oils: Partnering with Antibiotics, in: Essential Oils-Oils of Nature. IntechOpen.
Al-Kassie, G.A., 2009. Influence of two plant extracts derived from thyme and cinnamon on broiler performance. Pak. Vet. J. 29, 169–173.
Al-Mashhadani, E.H., Farah, K., Al-Jaff, Y., 2011. Effect of anise, thyme essential oils and their mixture (EOM) on broiler performance and some physiological traits. Egypt. Poult Sci 31, 481–9.
Alves, M., Gonçalves, M.J., Zuzarte, M., Alves-Silva, J.M., Cavaleiro, C., Cruz, M.T., Salgueiro, L., 2019. Unveiling the Antifungal Potential of Two Iberian Thyme Essential Oils: Effect on C. albicans Germ Tube and Preformed Biofilms. Front. Pharmacol. 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00446
Amerah, A.M., Mathis, G., Hofacre, C.L., 2012. Effect of xylanase and a blend of essential oils on performance and Salmonella colonization of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella Heidelberg. Poult. Sci. 91, 943–947.
Amirghofran, Z., Hashemzadeh, R., Javidnia, K., Golmoghaddam, H., Esmaeilbeig, A., 2011. In vitro immunomodulatory effects of extracts from three plants of the Labiatae family and isolation of the active compound(s). J. Immunotoxicol. 8, 265–273. https://doi.org/10.3109/1547691X.2011.590828
Angerhofer, C.K., Maes, D., Giacomoni, P.U., 2009. The use of natural compounds and botanicals in the development of anti-aging skin care products, in: Skin Aging Handbook. Elsevier, pp. 205–263.
Asfaw, N., Storesund, H.J., Skattebøl, L., Tønnesen, F., Aasen, A.J., 2000. Volatile oil constituents of two Thymus species from Ethiopia. Flavour Fragr. J. 15, 123–125.
Astani, A., Reichling, J., Schnitzler, P., 2009. Comparative study on the antiviral activity of selected monoterpenes derived from essential oils. Phytother. Res. n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2955
Attia, R.A., Mahmoud, A.E., Farrag, H.M.M., Makboul, R., Mohamed, M.E., Ibraheim, Z., 2015. Effect of myrrh and thyme on Trichinella spiralisenteral and parenteral phases with inducible nitric oxide expression in mice. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 110, 1035–1041. https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760150295
Attia, Y.A., Bakhashwain, A.A., Bertu, N.K., 2017. Thyme oil ( Thyme vulgaris L. ) as a natural growth promoter for broiler chickens reared under hot climate. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 16, 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2016.1245594
Baqui, A., Kelley, J.I., Jabra-Rizk, M.A., DePaola, L.G., Falkler, W.A., Meiller, T.F., 2001. In vitro effect of oral antiseptics on human immunodeficiency virus-1 and herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Clin. Periodontol. 28, 610–616.
Baraz, H., Jahani-Azizabadi, H., Azizi, O., 2018. Simultaneous use of thyme essential oil and disodium fumarate can improve in vitro ruminal microbial fermentation characteristics. Vet. Res. Forum 9, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.30466/VRF.2018.30828
Bastos, V.P.D., Gomes, A.S., Lima, F.J.B., Brito, T.S., Soares, P.M.G., Pinho, J.P.M., Silva, C.S., Santos, A.A., Souza, M.H.L.P., Magalhães, P.J.C., 2011. Inhaled 1,8-Cineole Reduces Inflammatory Parameters in Airways of Ovalbumin-Challenged Guinea Pigs: ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF 1,8-CINEOLE ON GUINEA PIG AIRWAYS. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 108, 34–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00622.x
Behnia, M., Haghighi, A., Komeylizadeh, H., Tabaei, S.-J.S., Abadi, A., 2008. Inhibitory Effects of Iranian Thymus vulgaris Extracts on in Vitro Growth of Entamoeba histolytica. Korean J. Parasitol. 46, 153. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.153
Borugă, O., Jianu, C., Mişcă, C., Goleţ, I., Gruia, A., Horhat, F., 2014. Thymus vulgaris essential oil: chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. J. Med. Life 7, 56–60.
Boskabady, M.H., Alitaneh, S., Alavinezhad, A., 2014. Carum copticum L.: a herbal medicine with various pharmacological effects. BioMed Res. Int. 2014.
Botsoglou, N.A., Florou-Paneri, P., Christaki, E., Fletouris, D.J., Spais, A.B., 2002. Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on performance of chickens and on iron-induced lipid oxidation of breast, thigh and abdominal fat tissues. Br. Poult. Sci. 43, 223–230.
Boutoial, K., García, V., Rovira, S., Ferrandini, E., Abdelkhalek, O., López, M.B., 2013. Effect of feeding goats with distilled and non-distilled thyme leaves ( Thymus zygis subp. gracilis ) on milk and cheese properties. J. Dairy Res. 80, 448–456. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029913000459
Braga, P.C., Dal Sasso, M., Culici, M., Bianchi, T., Bordoni, L., Marabini, L., 2006. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Thymol: Inhibitory Effect on the Release of Human Neutrophil Elastase. Pharmacology 77, 130–136. https://doi.org/10.1159/000093790
Brenes, A., Roura, E., 2010. Essential oils in poultry nutrition: Main effects and modes of action. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 158, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.03.007
Broudiscou, L.-P., Papon, Y., Broudiscou, A.F., 2000. Effects of dry plant extracts on fermentation and methanogenesis in continuous culture of rumen microbes. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 87, 263–277.
Bukovská, A., Cikoš, Š., Juhás, Š., Il’ková, G., Rehák, P., Koppel, J., 2007. Effects of a Combination of Thyme and Oregano Essential Oils on TNBS-Induced Colitis in Mice. Mediators Inflamm. 2007, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/23296
Burt, S.A., Vlielander, R., Haagsman, H.P., Veldhuizen, E.J., 2005. Increase in activity of essential oil components carvacrol and thymol against Escherichia coli O157: H7 by addition of food stabilizers. J. Food Prot. 68, 919–926.
Calsamiglia, S., Busquet, M., Cardozo, P.W., Castillejos, L., Ferret, A., 2007. Invited Review: Essential Oils as Modifiers of Rumen Microbial Fermentation. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 2580–2595. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-644
Castanon, J.I.R., 2007. History of the Use of Antibiotic as Growth Promoters in European Poultry Feeds 6.
Castillejos, L., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A., 2006. Effect of Essential Oil Active Compounds on Rumen Microbial Fermentation and Nutrient Flow in In Vitro Systems. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 2649–2658. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72341-4
Cerisuelo, A., Marín, C., Sanchez-Vizcaino, F., Gómez, E.A., De La Fuente, J.M., Durán, R., Fernández, C., 2014. The impact of a specific blend of essential oil components and sodium butyrate in feed on growth performance and Salmonella counts in experimentally challenged broilers. Poult. Sci. 93, 599–606.
Christaki, E., Bonos, E., Giannenas, I., Florou-Paneri, P., 2012a. Aromatic plants as a source of bioactive compounds. Agriculture 2, 228–243.
Christaki, E., Bonos, E., Giannenas, I., Florou-Paneri, P., 2012b. Aromatic plants as a source of bioactive compounds. Agriculture 2, 228–243.
Christaki, E., Giannenas, I., Bonos, E., Florou-Paneri, P., 2020. Innovative uses of aromatic plants as natural supplements in nutrition, in: Feed Additives. Elsevier, pp. 19–34.
Cross, D.E., McDevitt, R.M., Hillman, K., Acamovic, T., 2007a. The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. Br. Poult. Sci. 48, 496–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660701463221
Cross, D.E., McDevitt, R.M., Hillman, K., Acamovic, T., 2007b. The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. Br. Poult. Sci. 48, 496–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660701463221
Dagne, E., Hailu, S., Bisrat, D., Worku, T., 1998. Constituents of the essential oil of Thymus schimperi. Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 12, 79–82.
Damtie, D., Mekonnen, Y., 2016. Thymus species in Ethiopia: Distribution, medicinal value, economic benefit, current status and threatening factors. Ethiop. J. Sci. Technol. 8, 81. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejst.v8i2.3
Dauqan, E.M., Abdullah, A., 2017. Medicinal and functional values of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) herb. J. Appl. Biol. Biotechnol. 5, 17–22.
de Castro, R.D., de Souza, T.M.P.A., Bezerra, L.M.D., Ferreira, G.L.S., de Brito Costa, E.M.M., Cavalcanti, A.L., 2015. Antifungal activity and mode of action of thymol and its synergism with nystatin against Candida species involved with infections in the oral cavity: an in vitro study. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0947-2
Demirci, F., Karaca, N., Tekin, M., Demirci, B., 2018. Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial evaluation of Thymus sipyleus Boiss. subsp. sipyleus var. sipyleus essential oil against rhinosinusitis pathogens. Microb. Pathog. 122, 117–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.025
Derbie, A., 2009. Investigation of the Levels of Selected Metals in the Leaves of Thyme (T. Schimperi and T. Vulgaris) Grown in Ethiopia (PhD Thesis). Addis Ababa Universty.
Dhama, K., Latheef, S.K., Mani, S., Samad, H.A., Karthik, K., Tiwari, R., Khan, R.U., Alagawany, M., Farag, M.R., Alam, G.M., 2015. Multiple beneficial applications and modes of action of herbs in poultry health and production-A review. Int J Pharmacol 11, 152–176.
Di Pasqua, R., Hoskins, N., Betts, G., Mauriello, G., 2006. Changes in membrane fatty acids composition of microbial cells induced by addiction of thymol, carvacrol, limonene, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol in the growing media. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 2745–2749.
Diaz-Sanchez, S., D’Souza, D., Biswas, D., Hanning, I., 2015. Botanical alternatives to antibiotics for use in organic poultry production. Poult. Sci. 94, 1419–1430.
Edeoga, H.O., Okwu, D.E., Mbaebie, B.O., 2005. Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 4, 685–688.
Ekoh, S.N., Akubugwo, E.I., Ude, V.C., Edwin, N., 2014. Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effect of spices (Thymus vulgaris, Murraya koenigii, Ocimum gratissimum and Piper guineense) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Int J Biosci 4, 179–87.
Elbashir, S.M.I., Devkota, H.P., Wada, M., Kishimoto, N., Moriuchi, M., Shuto, T., Misumi, S., Kai, H., Watanabe, T., 2018. Free radical scavenging, α-glucosidase inhibitory and lipase inhibitory activities of eighteen Sudanese medicinal plants. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2346-y
El-Ghousein, S.S., Al-Beitawi, N.A., 2009. The effect of feeding of crushed thyme (Thymus valgaris L) on growth, blood constituents, gastrointestinal tract and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. J. Poult. Sci. 46, 100–104.
Elson, C.E., 1995. Suppression of mevalonate pathway activities by dietary isoprenoids: protective roles in cancer and cardiovascular disease. J. Nutr. 125, 1666S–1672S.
Emeish, W.F.A., El-Deen, A.G.S., 2016. IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF THYME AND FENUGREEK IN SHARPTOOTH CATFISH, CLARIAS GARIEPINUS 62, 8.
Eraky, M.A., El-Fakahany, A.F., El-Sayed, N.M., Abou-Ouf, E.A.-R., Yaseen, D.I., 2016. Effects of Thymus vulgaris ethanolic extract on chronic toxoplasmosis in a mouse model. Parasitol. Res. 115, 2863–2871.
Eshete, T., Gizaw, S., Seifu, E., 2013. Effect of inclusion of tossign (Thymus serrulatus) in concentrate mix supplementation on performance and sensory quality of meat of Menz sheep. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 45, 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0189-y
Eshete, T., Gizaw, S., Seifu, E., 2012. Effect of inclusion of tossign (Thymus serrulatus) in concentrate mix supplementation on performance and sensory quality of meat of Menz sheep. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 45, 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0189-y
Evans, J.D., Martin, S.A., 2000. Effects of thymol on ruminal microorganisms. Curr. Microbiol. 41, 336–340.
Ezzat Abd El-Hack, M., Alagawany, M., Ragab Farag, M., Tiwari, R., Karthik, K., Dhama, K., Zorriehzahra, J., Adel, M., 2016. Beneficial impacts of thymol essential oil on health and production of animals, fish and poultry: a review. J. Essent. Oil Res. 28, 365–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2016.1153002
Fachini-Queiroz, F.C., Kummer, R., Estevao-Silva, C.F., Carvalho, M.D. de B., Cunha, J.M., Grespan, R., Bersani-Amado, C.A., Cuman, R.K.N., 2012. Effects of thymol and carvacrol, constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil, on the inflammatory response. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2012.
Farsaraei*, S., Moghaddam, M., Mehdizadeh, L., 2017. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil. Res. J. Pharmacogn. 4, 43–43.
Figueiredo, A.C., Barroso, J.G., Pedro’, L.G., 2010. Volatiles from Thymbra and Thymus species of the western Mediterranean basin, Portugal and Macaronesia. Nat. Prod. Commun. 5, 1934578X1000500924.
FrAnKIČ, T., Voljč, M., Salobir, J., Rezar, V., 2009. Use of herbs and spices and their extracts in animal nutrition. Acta Agric Slov 94, 95–102.
Franz, C., Baser, K.H.C., Windisch, W., 2010. Essential oils and aromatic plants in animal feeding–a European perspective. A review. Flavour Fragr. J. 25, 327–340.
Gaasenbeek, C.P.H., Borgsteede, F.H.M., Eijck, I., Schuurman, T., Van der Gaag, M.A., 2007. The effect of phytotherapy on experimental Ascaris Suum infections in pigs.
Gadde, U., Kim, W.H., Oh, S.T., Lillehoj, H.S., 2017. Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 18, 26–45.
Ghasemi, 2010. Adding Medicinal Herbs Including Garlic (Allium sativum) and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) to Diet of Laying Hens and Evaluating Productive Performance and Egg Quality Characteristics. Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci. 5, 151–154. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajavsp.2010.151.154
Giannenas, I., Bonos, E., Christaki, E., Florou-Paneri, P., 2013. Essential oils and their applications in animal nutrition. Med Aromat Plants 2, 2167–0412.
Giannenas, I., Sidiropoulou, E., Bonos, E., Christaki, E., Florou-Paneri, P., 2020. The history of herbs, medicinal and aromatic plants, and their extracts: Past, current situation and future perspectives, in: Feed Additives. Elsevier, pp. 1–18.
Giarratana, F., Muscolino, D., Beninati, C., Giuffrida, A., Panebianco, A., 2014. Activity of Thymus vulgaris essential oil against Anisakis larvae. Exp. Parasitol. 142, 7–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2014.03.028
Golmakani, M.-T., Rezaei, K., 2008. Comparison of microwave-assisted hydrodistillation withthe traditional hydrodistillation method in the extractionof essential oils from Thymus vulgaris L. Food Chem. 109, 925–930.
Goudarzi, M.A., Hamedi, B., Malekpoor, F., Abdizadeh, R., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Raiesi, M., 2011. Sensitivity of Lactococcus garvieae isolated from rainbow trout to some Iranian medicinal herbs. J. Med. Plants Res. 5.
Grigore, A., Paraschiv, I.N.A., Colceru-Mihul, S., Bubueanu, C., Draghici, E., Ichim, M., 2010. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris L. volatile oil obtained by two different methods. Romanian Biotechnol. Lett. 15, 5436–5443.
Grosso, C., Figueiredo, A.C., Burillo, J., Mainar, A.M., Urieta, J.S., Barroso, J.G., Coelho, J.A., Palavra, A.M.F., 2010. Composition and antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris volatiles: Comparison between supercritical fluid extraction and hydrodistillation. J. Sep. Sci. 33, 2211–2218. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201000192
Gumus, R., Ercan, N., Imik, H., 2017. The Effect of Thyme Essential Oil (Thymus Vulgaris) Added to Quail Diets on Performance, Some Blood Parameters, and the Antioxidative Metabolism of the Serum and Liver Tissues. Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Avícola 19, 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0403
Günal, M., Pinski, B., AbuGhazaleh, A.A., 2017. Evaluating the effects of essential oils on methane production and fermentation under in vitro conditions. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 16, 500–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2017.1291283
Gutierrez, J., Barry-Ryan, C., Bourke, P., 2008. The antimicrobial efficacy of plant essential oil combinations and interactions with food ingredients. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 124, 91–97.
Hadian, J., Bigdeloo, M., Nazeri, V., Khadivi-Khub, A., 2014. Assessment of genetic and chemical variability in Thymus caramanicus. Mol. Biol. Rep. 41, 3201–3210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-014-3180-z
Hanahan, D., Weinberg, R.A., 2011. Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation. Cell 144, 646–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013
Hernandez, F., Madrid, J., Garcia, V., Orengo, J., Megias, M.D., 2004. Influence of two plant extracts on broilers performance, digestibility, and digestive organ size. Poult. Sci. 83, 169–174.
Hernández, H., Fraňková, A., Klouček, P., Banout, J., 2018. The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying. J. Vis. Exp. 57054. https://doi.org/10.3791/57054
Hosseinzadeh, S., Kukhdan, A.J., Hosseini, A., Armand, R., 2015. The application of Thymus vulgaris in traditional and modern medicine: a review. Glob. J Pharmacol 9, 260–6.
Huang, D., Ou, B., Prior, R.L., 2005. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 1841–1856.
Jaafari, A., Mouse, H.A., Rakib, E.M., Mbarek, L.A., Tilaoui, M., Benbakhta, C., Boulli, A., Abbad, A., Zyad, A., 2007. Chemical composition and antitumor activity of different wild varieties of Moroccan thyme. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 17. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2007000400002
Jang, I.S., Ko, Y.H., Kang, S.Y., Lee, C.Y., 2007. Effect of a commercial essential oil on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal microflora population in broiler chickens. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 134, 304–315.
Jassim, S.A.A., Naji, M.A., 2003. Novel antiviral agents: a medicinal plant perspective. J. Appl. Microbiol. 95, 412–427.
Jerzsele, A., Szeker, K., Csizinszky, R., Gere, E., Jakab, C., Mallo, J.J., Galfi, P., 2012. Efficacy of protected sodium butyrate, a protected blend of essential oils, their combination, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore suspension against artificially induced necrotic enteritis in broilers. Poult. Sci. 91, 837–843.
Jiang, J., Xiong, Y.L., 2016. Natural antioxidants as food and feed additives to promote health benefits and quality of meat products: A review. Meat Sci. 120, 107–117.
Jimenez-Garcia, S.N., Vazquez-Cruz, M.A., Guevara-Gonzalez, R.G., Torres-Pacheco, I., Cruz-Hernandez, A., Feregrino-Perez, A.A., 2013. Current approaches for enhanced expression of secondary metabolites as bioactive compounds in plants for agronomic and human health purposes–a review. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 63, 67–78.
Kassegn, H.H., 2016. Inorganic and Phytochemical Content Analysis of the Wild Abyssinian Thyme Spice 4.
Kazemi Oskuee, R., Behravan, J., Ramezani, M., 2011. Chemical composition, antimicrobial activity and antiviral activity of essential oil of Carum copticum from Iran. Avicenna J. Phytomedicine 1, 83–90.
Kemmerich, B., Eberhardt, R., Stammer, H., 2006. Efficacy and tolerability of a fluid extract combination of thyme herb and ivy leaves and matched placebo in adults suffering from acute bronchitis with productive cough. Arzneimittelforschung 56, 652–660.
Khaksar, V., Van Krimpen, M., Hashemipour, H., Pilevar, M., 2012. Effects of thyme essential oil on performance, some blood parameters and ileal microflora of Japanese quail. J. Poult. Sci. 49, 106–110.
Khalil, E., Esoh, R., Rababah, T., Almajwal, A.M., Alu’datt, M.H., 2012. Minerals, proximate composition and their correlations of medicinal plants from Jordan. J. Med. Plants Res. 6, 5757–5762.
Khamisabadi, H., n.d. Effect of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) or peppermint (Mentha piperita) on performance, digestibility and blood metabolites of fattening Sanjabi lambs 5.
Khan, M.S.A., Ahmad, I., Cameotra, S.S., 2014. Carum copticum and Thymus vulgaris oils inhibit virulence in Trichophyton rubrum and Aspergillus spp. Braz. J. Microbiol. 45, 523–531.
Khan, R.U., Naz, S., Nikousefat, Z., Tufarelli, V., Laudadio, V., 2012. Thymus vulgaris : alternative to antibiotics in poultry feed. Worlds Poult. Sci. J. 68, 401–408. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933912000517
Kindl, M., Blažeković, B., Bucar, F., Vladimir-Knežević, S., 2015. Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Potential of Six Thymus Species. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. ECAM 2015, 403950. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/403950
Kirdok, E., Ozudogru, E.A., Kaya, E., 2010. Development of Protocols for Short-, Medium-and Long-Term Conservation of Thyme, in: XXVIII International Horticultural Congress on Science and Horticulture for People (IHC2010): III International Symposium on 918. pp. 43–50.
Kivilompolo, M., Hyötyläinen, T., 2007. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography in analysis of Lamiaceae herbs: characterisation and quantification of antioxidant phenolic acids. J. Chromatogr. A 1145, 155–164.
Kumar, M., Kumar, V., Roy, D., Kushwaha, R., Vaswani, S., 2014. Application of Herbal Feed Additives in Animal Nutrition - A Review. Int. J. Livest. Res. 4, 1. https://doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20141205105218
Lai, W.-L., Chuang, H.-S., Lee, M.-H., Wei, C.-L., Lin, C.-F., Tsai, Y.-C., 2012. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 by thymol-related monoterpenoids. Planta Med. 78, 1636–1638.
Lawrence, B.M., 2005. Antimicrobial/biological activity of essential oils. Allured Publishing Corporation, USA.
Lee, K.-W., Everts, H., Kappert, H.J., Frehner, M., Losa, R., Beynen, A.C., 2003a. Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 44, 450–457.
Lee, K.-W., Everts, H., Kappert, H.J., Frehner, M., Losa, R., Beynen, A.C., 2003b. Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 44, 450–457.
Lin, C.-C., Wu, S.-J., Chang, C.-H., Ng, L.-T., 2003. Antioxidant activity of Cinnamomum cassia. Phytother. Res. 17, 726–730.
Liu, Q., Meng, X., Li, Y., Zhao, C.-N., Tang, G.-Y., Li, H.-B., 2017. Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Spices. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18061283
Lu, Y., Wu, C., 2012. Reductions of Salmonella enterica on chicken breast by thymol, acetic acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate or hydrogen peroxide combinations as compared to chlorine wash. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 152, 31–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.09.015
Mahmoodi, M., Ayoobi, F., Aghaei, A., Rahmani, M., Taghipour, Z., Hosseini, A., Jafarzadeh, A., Sankian, M., 2019. Beneficial effects of Thymus vulgaris extract in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Clinical, histological and cytokine alterations. Biomed. Pharmacother. 109, 2100–2108.
Mansoub, N.H., 2011a. Comparison of effects of using thyme and probiotic on performance and serum composition of broiler chickens. Adv. Environ. Biol. 5, 2012–2015.
Mansoub, N.H., 2011b. Assessment on effect of thyme on egg quality and blood parameters of laying hens. Ann. Biol. Res. 2, 417–422.
Maron, D.F., Smith, T.J., Nachman, K.E., 2013. Restrictions on antimicrobial use in food animal production: an international regulatory and economic survey. Glob. Health 9, 48.
Martínez, G.N., 2013. Incorporation of by-products of rosemary and thyme in the diet of ewes: effect on the fatty acid profile of lamb. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 236, 379–389.
Martínez-Graciá, C., González-Bermúdez, C.A., Cabellero-Valcárcel, A.M., Santaella-Pascual, M., Frontela-Saseta, C., 2015. Use of herbs and spices for food preservation: advantages and limitations. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 6, 38–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2015.11.011
Máthé, Á., 2015. Medicinal and aromatic plants of the world. Springer.
Melo, A.D.B., Amaral, A.F., Schaefer, G., Luciano, F.B., de Andrade, C., Costa, L.B., Rostagno, M.H., 2015. Antimicrobial effect against different bacterial strains and bacterial adaptation to essential oils used as feed additives. Can. J. Vet. Res. Rev. Can. Rech. Veterinaire 79, 285–289.
Morales, R., 1997. Synopsis of the genus Thymus L. in the Mediterranean area. Lagascalia 19 1-2 249-262.
Mosleh, N., Shomali, T., Aghapour Kazemi, H., 2013. Effect of Zataria multiflora essential oil on immune responses and faecal virus shedding period in broilers immunized with live Newcastle disease vaccines. Iran. J. Vet. Res. 14, 220–225.
Moss, A.R., Jouany, J.-P., Newbold, J., 2000. Methane production by ruminants: its contribution to global warming, in: Annales de Zootechnie. EDP Sciences, pp. 231–253.
Mota, K.S. de L., Pereira, F. de O., de Oliveira, W.A., Lima, I.O., Lima, E. de O., 2012. Antifungal Activity of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil and Its Constituent Phytochemicals against Rhizopus oryzae: Interaction with Ergosterol. Molecules 17, 14418–14433. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171214418
Mousavi, S.M., Mirzargar, S.S., Mousavi, H., Omidbaigi, R., Khosravi, A., Bahonar, A., 2014. Antifungal and toxicity effects of new combined essential oils on Oncorhynchus mykiss in comparison with malachite green. Iran. J. Vet. Sci. Technol. 4, 1–8.
Muanda, F., Koné, D., Dicko, A., Soulimani, R., Younos, C., 2011. Phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of three malian medicinal plant parts. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2011.
Nascimento, G.G.F., Locatelli, J., Freitas, P.C., Silva, G.L., 2000. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Braz. J. Microbiol. 31. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822000000400003
Nieto, G., Bañón, S., Garrido, M.D., 2012. Administration of distillate thyme leaves into the diet of Segureña ewes: effect on lamb meat quality. animal 6, 2048–2056. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112001012
Nieto, G., Bañón, S., Garrido, M.D., 2011. Effect of supplementing ewes’ diet with thyme (Thymus zygis ssp. gracilis) leaves on the lipid oxidation of cooked lamb meat. Food Chem. 125, 1147–1152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.090
Nilforoushzadeh, M.A., Shirani-Bidabadi, L., Zolfaghari-Baghbaderani, A., Saberi, S., Siadat, A.H., Mahmoudi, M., 2008. Comparison of Thymus vulgaris (Thyme), Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) and propolis hydroalcoholic extracts versus systemic glucantime in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in balb/c mice. J Vector Borne Dis 45, 301–6.
Nolkemper, S., Reichling, J., Stintzing, F.C., Carle, R., Schnitzler, P., 2006. Antiviral effect of aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae family against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Planta Med. 72, 1378–1382.
Ocaña, A., Reglero, G., 2012. Effects of Thyme Extract Oils (from Thymus vulgaris , Thymus zygis, and Thymus hyemalis ) on Cytokine Production and Gene Expression of oxLDL-Stimulated THP-1-Macrophages. J. Obes. 2012, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/104706
Oguntibeju, O.O., 2018. Medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory activities from selected countries and regions of Africa. J. Inflamm. Res. 11, 307.
Orhan, F., ÖLMEZ, M., 2011. Effect of herbal mixture supplementation to fish oiled layer diets on lipid oxidation of egg yolk, hen performance and egg quality. Ank. Üniversitesi Vet. Fakültesi Derg. 58, 33–39.
Orłowska, M., Kowalska, T., Sajewicz, M., Pytlakowska, K., Bartoszek, M., Polak, J., Waksmundzka-Hajnos, M., 2015a. Antioxidant Activity of Selected Thyme ( Thymus L.) Species and Study of the Equivalence of Different Measuring Methodologies. J. AOAC Int. 98, 876–882. https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.SGE6-Orlowska
Orłowska, M., Kowalska, T., Sajewicz, M., Pytlakowska, K., Bartoszek, M., Polak, J., Waksmundzka-Hajnos, M., 2015b. Antioxidant Activity of Selected Thyme (Thymus L.) Species and Study of the Equivalence of Different Measuring Methodologies. J. AOAC Int. 98, 876–882. https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.SGE6-Orlowska
Palaniappan, K., Holley, R.A., 2010. Use of natural antimicrobials to increase antibiotic susceptibility of drug resistant bacteria. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 140, 164–168.
Pandey, A.K., Kumar, P., Singh, P., Tripathi, N.N., Bajpai, V.K., 2017. Essential Oils: Sources of Antimicrobials and Food Preservatives. Front. Microbiol. 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.02161
Panghal, M., Kaushal, V., Yadav, J.P., 2011. In vitro antimicrobial activity of ten medicinal plants against clinical isolates of oral cancer cases. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 10, 21.
Parvez, N., Yadav, S., 2010. Ethnopharmacology of single herbal preparations of medicinal plants in Asendabo district, Jimma, Ethiopia.
Pérez-Rosés, R., Risco, E., Vila, R., Peñalver, P., Cañigueral, S., 2015. Effect of some essential oils on phagocytosis and complement system activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 63, 1496–1504.
Piccaglia, R., Marotti, M., Giovanelli, E., Deans, S.G., Eaglesham, E., 1993. Antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Mediterranean aromatic plants. Ind. Crops Prod. 2, 47–50.
Puvača, N., Ljubojević, D., Kostadinović, L.J., Lević, J., Nikolova, N., Miščević, B., Könyves, T., Lukač, D., Popović, S., 2015. Spices and herbs in broilers nutrition: hot red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and its mode of action. Worlds Poult. Sci. J. 71, 683–688.
Radaelli, M., da Silva, B.P., Weidlich, L., Hoehne, L., Flach, A., da Costa, L.A.M.A., Ethur, E.M., 2016. Antimicrobial activities of six essential oils commonly used as condiments in Brazil against Clostridium perfringens. Braz. J. Microbiol. 47, 424–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2015.10.001
Ragaa, N.M., Korany, R.M.S., Mohamed, F.F., 2016. Effect of Thyme and/or Formic Acid Dietary Supplementation on Broiler Performance and Immunity. Agric. Agric. Sci. Procedia 10, 270–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.09.064
Ramesh, P., Piyush, G., Mohd, T., Sanjay, K., 2012. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Science 14.
Rassu, G., Nieddu, M., Bosi, P., Trevisi, P., Colombo, M., Priori, D., Manconi, P., Giunchedi, P., Gavini, E., Boatto, G., 2014. Encapsulation and modified-release of thymol from oral microparticles as adjuvant or substitute to current medications. Phytomedicine 21, 1627–1632.
Reddy V, P., 2014. Review on Thymus vulgaris Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Properties. Med. Aromat. Plants 03. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0412.1000164
Ribeiro, A.D.B., Ferraz Junior, M.V.C., Polizel, D.M., Miszura, A.A., Gobato, L.G.M., Barroso, J.P.R., Susin, I., Pires, A.V., 2019. Thyme essential oil for sheep: effect on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, and growth. Arq. Bras. Med. Veterinária E Zootec. 71, 2065–2074. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-10792
Ribeiro-Santos, R., Andrade, M., Sanches-Silva, A., de Melo, N.R., 2018. Essential oils for food application: natural substances with established biological activities. Food Bioprocess Technol. 11, 43–71.
Riella, K.R., Marinho, R.R., Santos, J.S., Pereira-Filho, R.N., Cardoso, J.C., Albuquerque-Junior, R.L.C., Thomazzi, S.M., 2012. Anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing activities of thymol, a monoterpene of the essential oil from Lippia gracilis, in rodents. J. Ethnopharmacol. 143, 656–663.
Ronquillo, M.G., Hernandez, J.C.A., 2017. Antibiotic and synthetic growth promoters in animal diets: review of impact and analytical methods. Food Control 72, 255–267.
Roy, D., Tomar, S.K., Kumar, V., 2015. Rumen modulatory effect of thyme, clove and peppermint oils in vitro using buffalo rumen liquor. Vet. World 8, 203–207. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2015.203-207
Salehi, B., Mishra, A.P., Shukla, I., Sharifi-Rad, M., Contreras, M. del M., Segura-Carretero, A., Fathi, H., Nasrabadi, N.N., Kobarfard, F., Sharifi-Rad, J., 2018. Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses. Phytother. Res. 32, 1688–1706.
Salman, M., Muruz, H., Cetinkaya, N., Selcuk, Z., Kaya, I., 2018. Effects of the addition of essential oils cumimaldehyde, eugenol, and thymol on the in vitro gas production and digestibility of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silage. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 42, 395–401.
Šegvić Klarić, M., Kosalec, I., Mastelić, J., Piecková, E., Pepeljnak, S., 2007. Antifungal activity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil and thymol against moulds from damp dwellings. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 44, 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2006.02032.x
Seifu, A., 2019. Bioprospecting Potential of Thymus schimperi for Access and Benefit Sharing.
Sharifi-Rad, J., Salehi, B., Schnitzler, P., Ayatollahi, S.A., Kobarfard, F., Fathi, M., Eisazadeh, M., Sharifi-Rad, M., 2017. Susceptibility ofherpes simplex virus type 1 to monoterpenes thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene and essential oilsofSinapis arvensisL., Lallemantia royleanaBenth. and Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. Cell Mol Biol Noisy Gd. 63.
Soković, M., Glamočlija, J., Marin, P.D., Brkić, D., Van Griensven, L.J., 2010. Antibacterial effects of the essential oils of commonly consumed medicinal herbs using an in vitro model. Molecules 15, 7532–7546.
Soltani, M., Sheikhzadeh, N., Ebrahimzadeh-Mousavi, H.A., Zargar, A., 2010. Effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil on innate immune responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 5, 191–199.
Stahl-Biskup, E., Sáez, F. (Eds.), 2002. Thyme: the genus thymus, Medicinal and aromatic plants--industrial profiles. Taylor and Francis, London ; New York.
Stahl-Biskup, E., Venskutonis, R.P., 2012. Thyme, in: Handbook of Herbs and Spices. Elsevier, pp. 499–525. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857095671.499
Tekippe, J.A., Hristov, A.N., Heyler, K.S., Zheljazkov, V.D., Ferreira, J.F.S., Cantrell, C.L., Varga, G.A., 2012. Effects of plants and essential oils on ruminal in vitro batch culture methane production and fermentation. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92, 395–408.
Toghyani, M., Tohidi, M., Gheisari, A.A., Tabeidian, S.A., 2010. Performance, immunity, serum biochemical and hematological parameters in broiler chicks fed dietary thyme as alternative for an antibiotic growth promoter. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 9, 6819–6825.
Tolba, A.A.H., Hassan, M.S.H., 2003. Using some natural additives to improve physiological and productive performance of broiler chicks under high temperature condition.
Valenzuela-Grijalva, N.V., Pinelli-Saavedra, A., Muhlia-Almazan, A., Domínguez-Díaz, D., González-Ríos, H., 2017. Dietary inclusion effects of phytochemicals as growth promoters in animal production. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 59, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-017-0133-9
van Krimpen, M.M., Binnendijk, G.P., Borgsteede, F.H.M., Gaasenbeek, C.P.H., 2010. Anthelmintic effects of phytogenic feed additives in Ascaris suum inoculated pigs. Vet. Parasitol. 168, 269–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.11.004
Varel, V.H., Wells, J.E., 2007. Influence of thymol and a urease inhibitor on coliform bacteria, odor, urea, and methane from a swine production manure pit. J. Environ. Qual. 36, 773–779.
Varel, V.H., Wells, J.E., Miller, D.N., 2007. Combination of a urease inhibitor and a plant essential oil to control coliform bacteria, odour production and ammonia loss from cattle waste. J. Appl. Microbiol. 102, 472–477.
Venkitanarayanan, K., Kollanoor-Johny, A., Darre, M.J., Donoghue, A.M., Donoghue, D.J., 2013. Use of plant-derived antimicrobials for improving the safety of poultry products. Poult. Sci. 92, 493–501.
Vila, R., 2002. Flavonoids and further polyphenols in the genus Thymus. Taylor & Francis: New York.
Wade, M.R., Manwar, S.J., Kuralkar, S.V., Waghmare, S.P., Ingle, V.C., Hajare, S.W., 2018. Effect of thyme essential oil on performance of broiler chicken. J Entomol Zool Stud 6, 25–28.
Wallace, R.J., McEwan, N.R., McIntosh, F.M., Teferedegne, B., Newbold, C.J., 2002. Natural products as manipulators of rumen fermentation. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 15, 1458–1468.
Wei, H.-K., Wang, J., Cheng, C., Jin, L.-Z., Peng, J., 2020. Application of plant essential oils in pig diets, in: Feed Additives. Elsevier, pp. 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814700-9.00013-3
Weltgesundheitsorganisation (Ed.), 1999. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. Vol. 1: ... World Health Organization, Geneva.
Wenk, C., 2003. Herbs and Botanicals as Feed Additives in Monogastric Animals. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 16, 282–289. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2003.282
Williams, P., 2001. The use of essential oils and their compounds in poultry nutrition. World Poult. 17, 14–15.
Windisch, W., Schedle, K., Plitzner, C., Kroismayr, A., 2008. Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. J. Anim. Sci. 86, E140–E148.
Wintola, O., Afolayan, A., 2015. The antibacterial, phytochemicals and antioxidants evaluation of the root extracts of Hydnora africanaThunb. used as antidysenteric in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0835-9
Witkowska, D., Sowińska, J., Żebrowska, J.P., Mituniewicz, E., Witkowska, D., Sowińska, J., Żebrowska, J.P., Mituniewicz, E., 2016. The Antifungal Properties of Peppermint and Thyme Essential Oils Misted in Broiler Houses. Braz. J. Poult. Sci. 18, 629–638. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0266
Zeghib, A., Kabouche, A., Laggoune, S., Calliste, C.-A., Simon, A., Bressolier, P., Aouni, M., Duroux, J.-L., Kabouche, Z., 2017. Antibacterial, Antiviral, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Thymus guyonii Essential Oil. Nat. Prod. Commun. 12, 1934578X1701201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1701201032
Zeng, Z., Zhang, S., Wang, H., Piao, X., 2015. Essential oil and aromatic plants as feed additives in non-ruminant nutrition: a review. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 6, 7.
Zhang, K.Y., Yan, F., Keen, C.A., Waldroup, P.W., 2005. Evaluation of microencapsulated essential oils and organic acids in diets for broiler chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 4, 612–619.
Zhou, F., Ji, B., Zhang, H., Jiang, H., Yang, Z., Li, Jingjing, Li, Jihai, Ren, Y., Yan, W., 2007. Synergistic effect of thymol and carvacrol combined with chelators and organic acids against Salmonella Typhimurium. J. Food Prot. 70, 1704–1709.
